Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Fateme Behboodzade ¹
• Ahmad Ekhlassi ¹
• Saeid Norouzian-Maleki ²

¹ Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Two decades after the emergence of biophilic design in architecture, various opinions with distinct patterns have been put forward. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze the similarities and differences between the existing thoughts. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through library and documentary research. The keywords and main concepts were first extracted from the content analysis of the available literature and then compared to report the results with the help of inductive reasoning. Different opinions on the patterns of biophilic design were extracted through a systematic review of 47 records. The opinions were compiled into four clusters, from which the dominant cluster was selected. The cluster included three general categories: direct experience of nature, indirect experience of nature, and experience of space and place, and 27 patterns encompassing greenery, natural light, water, natural shapes and forms, natural materials, and prospect and refuge. Patterns with a higher frequency than the average frequency of their original category were identified as important patterns, for each of which a set of design strategies was proposed. Some of the widespread design strategies were integrating vegetation into interior spaces through the use of indoor green walls, large atriums with park-like environments, and interior planting beds; embedding plants into building designs through the implementation of green roofs; the installation of green walls and facades; and the inclusion of green pockets; expansion of water spaces in built environments and landscapes by incorporating decorative fountains, various water features, engineered wetlands, small ponds, cascading water walls, and aquarium displays; incorporating fractal geometry into design practices; the application of natural materials such as wood, bamboo, stone, and clay across a wide range of products, furniture, and various interior and exterior designs; and geographical, historical, ecological, and cultural connections to place.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Biophilia
• Biophilic Architecture
• Connection with nature
• Restorative environment
• Physical and psychological health

Main Subjects

• Architecture and Urban Design