نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

10.22061/jsaud.2026.11775.2307

چکیده

پنجره‌ها به‌عنوان یکی از تاثیرگذارترین عناصر نما، نقش محوری در عملکرد انرژی و آسایش حرارتی ساختمان‌ها دارند و مسئول ۲۵ تا ۴۰ درصد از تلفات حرارتی ساختمان‌های مسکونی و اداری هستند. با این حال، بیشتر مطالعات پیشین یا تنها به بهینه‌سازی مصرف انرژی پرداخته‌اند یا آسایش حرارتی را بررسی کرده‌اند، بدون توجه همزمان به اثرات زیست‌محیطی چرخه عمر. این پژوهش با رویکردی جامع و یکپارچه، تأثیر ویژگی‌های مختلف پنجره شامل نسبت مساحت پنجره به دیوار، نوع شیشه و جهت‌گیری پنجره‌ها را بر سه معیار بهره‌وری انرژی، آسایش حرارتی و انتشار کربن چرخه عمر در یک مدرسه ابتدایی در شهر یزد با اقلیم گرم و خشک ارزیابی می‌کند. شبیه‌سازی‌ها در چهل و هشت سناریو با استفاده از نرم‌افزار دیزاین‌بیلدر و بر اساس تغییرات نسبت مساحت پنجره به دیوار (۲۵، ۵۰، ۷۵ و ۱۰۰ درصد)، چهار جهت‌گیری (شمال، جنوب، شرق و غرب) و سه نوع شیشه (تک‌جداره، دوجداره کم‌گسیل و سه‌جداره کم‌گسیل) انجام شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که شیشه سه‌جداره کم‌گسیل با نسبت مساحت پنجره به دیوار ۲۵ درصد در جهت‌گیری شمالی، کمترین مصرف انرژی سرمایشی (کاهش ۳۸ درصدی نسبت به شیشه تک‌جداره) را دارد، در حالی که شیشه تک‌جداره شفاف با نسبت مساحت پنجره به دیوار ۱۰۰ درصد در جهت‌گیری جنوبی، بهترین عملکرد گرمایشی (کاهش ۴۲ درصدی نیاز گرمایشی) را ارائه می‌دهد. از منظر آسایش حرارتی، شیشه سه‌جداره کم‌گسیل در تمام فصول سال پایدارترین شرایط را فراهم کرده و درصد افراد ناراضی را در ماه‌های گرم از ۵۵ به ۴۵ درصد کاهش داده است. تحلیل چرخه عمر ساختمان نشان داد که شیشه سه‌جداره با کاهش ۶۲ درصدی انتشار کربن‌دی‌اکسید در طول سی سال عمر مفید ساختمان نسبت به شیشه تک‌جداره، گزینه بهینه برای طراحی پایدار در اقلیم گرم و خشک است. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که طراحی اصولی پنجره‌ها با در نظر گرفتن همزمان معیارهای انرژی، آسایش و زیست‌محیطی، می‌تواند الگویی کارآمد برای ساختمان‌های پایدار دراقلیم‌های مشابه فراهم کند.

چکیده تصویری

بهینه‌سازی چندمعیاره ویژگی‌های پنجره در اقلیم گرم و خشک: ارزیابی یکپارچه بهره‌وری انرژی، آسایش حرارتی و چرخه عمر ساختمان

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Multi-criteria Optimization of Window Properties in Hot and Arid Climate: An Integrated Assessment of Energy Efficiency, Thermal Comfort, and Building Life Cycle

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amirmohammad Hazrati 1
  • Afsaneh Zarkesh 2

1 PhD. Student, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modares Uni., Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Prof., Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modares Uni., Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Windows, as one of the most influential facade elements, play a pivotal role in building energy performance and thermal comfort, accounting for 25-40% of heat losses in residential and commercial buildings. However, most previous studies have focused either solely on energy optimization or thermal comfort assessment, without simultaneously considering the life cycle environmental impacts. This research employs a comprehensive and integrated approach to evaluate the impact of various window characteristics, including window-to-wall ratio (WWR), glass type, and window orientation, on three criteria: energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and life cycle carbon emissions in an elementary school building in Yazd, Iran, with a hot and arid climate. Simulations were conducted across forty-eight scenarios using DesignBuilder software, based on variations in WWR (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), four orientations (north, south, east, and west), and three glass types (single-pane clear, low-emissivity double-pane, and low-emissivity triple-pane). Results indicate that low-E triple-pane glass with 25% WWR in north orientation achieves the lowest cooling energy consumption (38% reduction compared to single-pane glass), while clear single-pane glass with 100% WWR in south orientation demonstrates optimal heating performance (42% reduction in heating demand). From a thermal comfort perspective, low-E triple-pane glass provides the most stable conditions throughout all seasons, reducing the percentage of dissatisfied occupants from 55% to 45% during hot months. Life cycle assessment revealed that triple-pane glass reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 62% over the building's thirty-year lifespan compared to single-pane glass, making it the optimal choice for sustainable design in hot and arid climates. These findings demonstrate that proper window design, considering energy, comfort, and environmental criteria simultaneously, can provide an effective framework for sustainable buildings in similar climates.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Energy efficiency
  • Thermal comfort
  • LCA
  • WWR
  • Window orientation
Albatayneh, A., Alterman, D., Page, A., & Moghtaderi, B. (2018). The significance of the orientation on the overall buildings thermal performance-case study in Australia. Energy Procedia, 152, 372-377.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.159
Ali, A. A. M. (2020). An integrated analysis with life cycle assessment, building information modeling, and environmental performance for window materials: Assiut University Hospital Clinic as a case study. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 48(6), 1024-1050.  https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2020.116835
Altomonte, S., & Schiavon, S. (2013). Occupant satisfaction in LEED and non-LEED certified buildings. Building and Environment, 68, 66-76.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.06.008
 
Asif, M. (2019). Comparative analysis of window technologies for building energy efficiency. Conference Proceedings. [Conference paper — DOI not publicly available]
ASHRAE. (2021). Handbook of Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, USA.  https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/ashrae-handbooks/handbook-fundamentals.
 
Barrett, P., Zhang, Y., Moffat, J., & Kobbacy, K. (2013). A holistic, multi-level analysis identifying the impact of classroom design on pupils' learning. Building and Environment, 59, 678-689.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.09.016.
 
Crawley, D. B., Lawrie, L. K., Winkelmann, F. C., Buhl, W. F., Huang, Y. J., Pedersen, C. O., et al. (2001). EnergyPlus: creating a new-generation building energy simulation program. Energy and Buildings, 33(4), 319-331.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(00)00114-6
Daneshvar, M. R., Ebrahimi, M., & Nejadsoleymani, H. (2019). An overview of climate change in Iran: facts and statistics. Environmental Systems Research, 8, 7.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-019-0135-3
Es-Sakali, N., Kaitouni, S. I., Laasri, I. A., Mghazli, M. O., Naimi, Z., Lbibb, R., & Bouardi, A. E. (2022). Assessment of the energy efficiency for a building energy model using different glazing windows in a semi-arid climate. In: 2022 13th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), Hammamet, Tunisia, pp. 1-5.  https://doi.org/10.1109/IREC56325.2022.10001867
Fereidani, N. A., Rodrigues, E., & Gaspar, A. R. (2021). A review of the energy implications of passive building design and active measures under climate change in the Middle East. Journal of Building Engineering, 44, 127152.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.127152
Grynning, S., Gustavsen, A., Time, B., & Jelle, B. P. (2013). Windows in the buildings of tomorrow: Energy losers or energy gainers? Energy and Buildings, 61, 185-192.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.02.029
Ihara, T., Gustavsen, A., & Jelle, B. P. (2015). Effect of facade components on energy efficiency in office buildings. Applied Energy, 158, 422-432.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.074
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). Transition to Sustainable Buildings: Strategies and Opportunities to 2050. Paris: OECD/IEA.  https://www.iea.org/reports/transition-to-sustainable-buildings
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2005). ISO 7730: Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment — Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Calculations of the PMV and PPD Indices and Local Thermal Comfort Criteria. Geneva, Switzerland.  https://www.iso.org/standard/39155.html
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2006). ISO 14040: Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework. Geneva, Switzerland.  https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
Iwuanyanwu, O., Gil-Ozoudeh, I., Okwandu, A. C., & Ike, C. S. (2024). Retrofitting existing buildings for sustainability: Challenges and innovations. Sustainable Construction Journal.  https://doi.org/10.69610/scj.v2i2.38
Judkoff, R., & Neymark, J. (2006). Model validation and testing: The methodological foundation of ASHRAE Standard 140. ASHRAE Transactions, 112(2), 367-382.  https://www.osti.gov/biblio/901646.
Kumarasamy, K., An, J., Yang, J., & Yang, E. H. (2017). Novel CFD-based numerical schemes for conduction dominant enclosure radiation problems. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 108, 2225-2264.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.01.043
LETI. (2020). Embodied Carbon Primer: Supplementary guidance to the Climate Emergency Design Guide. London Energy Transformation Initiative, London, UK.  https://www.leti.london/ecp
Mahmoud, A. (2022). Investigating the Impact of Different Glazing Types on the Energy Performance in Hot Arid Climate. Journal of Advanced Engineering Trends, 42(1), 69-84.  https://doi.org/10.21608/jaet.2022.110547.1148
Moosavi, L., Zandi, M., & Bidi, M. (2018). Experimental study on the cooling performance of solar-assisted natural ventilation in a large building in a warm and humid climate. Journal of Building Engineering, 19, 228-241.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.013
Naser, S. A., Haghparast, F., Singery, M., & Sattari Sarbangholi, H. (2020). Providing an Optimal Execution Model for Windows Based on Glazing to Reduce Fossil Fuel Consumption (Case Study: Asman Residential Complex of Tabriz). Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 11(4), 260-270.  https://doi.org/10.5829/ijee.2020.11.04.02
Ochoa, C. E., Aries, M. B. C., van Loenen, E. J., & Hensen, J. L. M. (2012). Considerations on design optimization criteria for windows providing low energy consumption and high visual comfort. Applied Energy, 95, 238-245.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.042
Pino, A., Bustamante, W., Escobar, R., & Pino, F. E. (2012). Thermal and lighting behavior of office buildings in Santiago of Chile. Energy and Buildings, 47, 441-449.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.016
Robati, M., Oldfield, P., Nezhad, A. A., Carmichael, D. G., & Kuru, A. (2021). Carbon Value Engineering: A Framework for Integrating Embodied Carbon and Cost Reduction Strategies in Building Design. Building and Environment, 192, 107620.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107620
Taleb, H. M., & Antony, A. G. (2020). Assessing different glazing to achieve better lighting performance of office buildings in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Journal of Building Engineering, 28, 101034.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101034
Thalfeldt, M., Pikas, E., Kurnitski, J., & Voll, H. (2013). Facade design principles for nearly zero energy buildings in a cold climate. Energy and Buildings, 67, 309-321.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.08.027
Troup, L., Phillips, R., Eckelman, M. J., & Fannon, D. (2019). Effect of window-to-wall ratio on measured energy consumption in US office buildings. Energy and Buildings, 203, 109434.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109434.
UNEP. (2020). 2020 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero-emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.  https://www.unep.org/resources/report/2020-global-status-report-buildings-and-construction
Wang, Z., & Zhao, J. (2018). Optimization of passive envelop energy efficient measures for office buildings in different climate regions of China based on modified sensitivity analysis. Sustainability, 10(4), 907.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040907
Zhang, R., Liu, D., & Shi, L. (2022). Thermal-comfort optimization design method for semi-outdoor stadium using machine learning. Building and Environment, 215, 108890.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108890
Zhang, Y., Li, Y., & Zheng, H. (2017). Ecological network analysis of energy metabolism in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) urban agglomeration. Ecological Modelling, 351, 51-62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.005
National Iranian Fuel Conservation Organization. (2022). Strategies for reducing energy consumption in the building sector. Tehran: Saba Publication. [Persian]
Iran Meteorological Organization. (2021). Climatic Atlas of Iran: 30-year data (1981-2011). Tehran: Iran Meteorological Organization. [Persian]