نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران.

2 کارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، پردیس بین‌المللی فارابی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران.

10.22061/jsaud.2025.10828.2235

چکیده

مقدمه: فضای شهری، عرصه­ تعامل متقابل انسان­هاست. به­ عبارتی رفتار و احساسات انسان با محیط کالبدی ارتباط تنگاتنگی دارد و کیفیت عامل اصلی در خلق‌و‌خو و احساسات فرد نظیر استرس، ترس، شادی، غم و... است. انسان‌ها با حضور در فضاهای عمومی شهری، به‌دنبال برقراری ارتباط با سایر کاربران فضا و دست‌یابی به احساس آرامشند. این پژوهش، استرس را به ­عنوان احساس مورد بررسی قرار داده و پرسشش این است که چه عواملی در دیواره­ میدان، بر استرس محیطی تأثیر می ­گذارند؟ از آنجاکه براساس دیدگاه نظریه­ پردازان عوامل متعددی بر استرس محیطی تأثیر دارند، این نوشتار به ­منظور بررسی دقیق­تر به بررسی تأثیر دیواره بر میزان استرس محیطی پرداخته است.
روش تحقیق: در این پژوهش، با توجه به هدف پژوهش، دیواره نمای یک میدان شهری (میدان شهدای شهرکرج) به ­عنوان بستر پژوهش انتخاب و از روش­ های مبتنی بر عصب شناختی و ادراکی (ذهنی) استفاده شده است. آزمون مرتبط با عصب ­شناختی با همکاری بیست‌وهفت دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی شهرسازی و با بهره ­گیری از دستگاه الکتروآنسفالوگرافی بی­سیم 19 کاناله و استفاده از دستگاه ثبت امواج مغزی و پرسشنامه­ تکمیلی انجام شده است. پیش از انجام آزمون از پرسشنامه دس-21، برای سنجش استرس افراد استفاده شده که براساس آن تمامی پاسخ­دهندگان در وضعیت نرمال بوده­اند. داده­ های به ­دست آمده از هر دو روش به ترتیب با نرم ­افزار نورگاید و اس.پی.اس.اس. تحلیل شده‌اند.
نتایج و بحث: با بررسی مقایسه ­ای امواج نیم ­کره­ سمت راست و چپ (اف 3 و اف 4) با هم و امواج جلوی سر و پس سر ( اف زد و پی زد) در مشاهده 5 فیلم دو دقیقه ­ای از نماها و عناصر منتخب نما که با پرسشنامه متخصصین (12 کارشناس) به­ عنوان مهم­ترین عناصر مؤثر بر استرس شناخته شده بودند، مشخص شد که کدام نما و چه عناصری بر استرس محیطی تأثیر دارند. بر این اساس، مصالح، تابلوی تبلیغاتی، عناصر الحاقی و پنجره به‌ترتیب بیشترین تأثیر را در میزان احساس استرس افراد داشته ­اند.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌ها مشخص شد که از دید مشاهده‌کنندگان چه عناصری از نما بر میزان استرس محیطی تأثیر دارند و چه ویژگی‌های از هر عنصر بر میزان استرس اثر دارد. بنابراین به‌نظر می‌رسد با انجام آزمون در چند نمونه مشابه و همچنین بررسی تمامی عناصر نما می‌توان، به چک لیستی برای طراحی نما دست یافت که از اعتبار قابل قبولی برخوردار باشد.

چکیده تصویری

شناسایی عناصر مؤثر بر استرس محیطی در جداره میدان شهدای شهر کرج با بهره گیری از الکتروانسفالوگرافی مغزی

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying the Elements Affecting Environmental Stress in the Facades' of Shohada Square in Karaj Applying Brain Electroencephalography

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Mohammadi 1
  • Homa Bagheri 2

1 Architecture & Urban Planning Department/ Art University

2 MA of Urban Design, University of Art

چکیده [English]

Urban space serves as a main realm for human interaction, wherein human behavior and emotions are intricately intertwined with the physical environment. Notably, the quality of the urban environment significantly impacts an individual's mood and emotional state, encompassing feelings of stress, fear, happiness, and sadness. This research paper examine whether the urban spaces’ facade contributes to environmental stress. Given that environmental stress is believed to be influenced by various factors in accordance with theory, this study specifically investigates the influence of facades on the extent of environmental stress. To fulfill the objectives of this research, the facade of Shohada Square in Karaj was selected as the case study, employing neurocognitive and perceptual (subjective) methodologies. The neurocognitive assessment involved the collaboration of twenty-seven undergraduate urban planning students, utilizing a wireless electroencephalography device with 19 channels for brainwave recording, along with a supplementary questionnaire. Before conducting the examination, the DASS-21 questionnaire was employed to measure the participants' stress levels, ensuring that all participants were in a normal psychological state. The acquired data from both tools were subsequently analyzed employing Neurorguide and SPSS software. By comparing the wave patterns of the left and right hemispheres (F3 and F4) along with those in front and behind the head (FZ and PZ), while participants observed five two-minute videos encompassing selected views and elements within the urban facades, which were subsequently evaluated by a group of experts via a questionnaire, twelve elements deemed highly influential in inducing stress were identified. Consequently, it was determined which specific views and elements had an impact on environmental stress levels. Furthermore, the post-test questionnaires provided insights into the significant features of facade elements that influence the level of stress experienced by individuals. A comparison of these features highlighted that materials, advertising boards, additional elements, and windows had the most substantial influence on an individual's perceived level of stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Environmental stress
  • Urban square
  • Neurological method
  • Perceptual method
  • Shohada Square
#Abbaszadeh, M. Talebpour, A., Panahshahi, M. (2014). Emotional Management: A Step toward the Development of the Sociology of Emotions. Journal of sociology studies 7(24), 7-33 [in Persain]. https://journals.iau.ir/article_523451.html
Abdoli, M., Masrouri Jannat, N. (2019). Investigating the impact of the quality of architectural environment of spaces on human behavior and mental health. National Conference on Modern Studies and Research in the Field of Geographical Sciences. Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/1028383/
Afshun, K., Taban, M., Masoudinejad, M., Jalilzadeh Yangjeh, R. (2021). Evaluating the relationship between psychological components and thermal comfort of users in urban open spaces, a case study: the banks of the Karun River in Ahvaz. Environmental Science and Technology. 23(12), 107-120 [in Persain]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1064005/fa
Ahadi, M.R., Hassanpour M.Z., Bashiri, P. (2017). Strategies to Promote Safety to Prevent Pedestrian Accidents in the City of Qazvin. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat, 4(3):143-50 [in Persain]. https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/spip/article/view/15814
Ahmadi, T. and Maleki, S. (2015). The study of visual quality of landscape and urban vision of ilam. Ilam culture, 14(46,47), 10-27[in Persain]. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_4238.html
Al-barrak, L., Kanjo, E., Younis, E. (2017). NeuroPlace: categorizing urban places according to mental states. https://colab.ws/articles/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0183890
Aliabadi, M., Banazadeh, B. (2015). Studying the effect of visual pollution of urban facade on the readability of the environment: Case study of the eastern edge of Esteghlal Street, Kerman. International Civil Engineering Conference, Architecture and Urban Infrastructure [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/448284/
Al-Yasin, A. Najari, A. Kazemi-Mahyari, E. (2017). Comparison of mental health and stress coping methods in men who own a home and rent it with the apartment culture of Tehran. International Conference on Psychopathology and Education Culture. Vol (1) [in Persain]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/889808/fa
Atarod, F., Kashi, H. (2018). Constituent Elements of Urban Facade. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 10(21), 173-192 [in Persain]. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58605.html
Azad Marzabadi, E., Zarghami, M.H., Zarei, A. (2019). Development of objective and behavioral indicators in stress assessment. Journal of Military Medicine. 21(1), 23-43 [in Persain]. https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/issue_100053_100054.html
Azizi Naserabadi, A., Shahroudi, A.A. (2020). The effect of an urban element (bridge) on function of citizens’ brain. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 22 (2), 82-101 [in Persain].
URL: http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-929-fa.html
Banae, M., Yazdanifar, A., Noreddin, M., Yoonessi, A. (2015). Enhancing Urban Trails Design Quality by Using Electroencephalography Device. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 201, 386-396. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815048399
Bayan, L., Alipour, F., Kolivand, P., Dastgheib, S., (2014). Neuromarketing: The Cognitive Approaches to Consumer Behavior. Shefaye Khatam, 2 (4): 46-59 [in Persain].
URL: http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-316-fa.html
Bita, F., Mohammadi, N., Taghavi, M.R., Rahimi, Ch. (2019),  The Effect Of Worry on Physiological and Emotional Response to Emotional Stimuli in Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Normal People. Contemporary Psychology, Biannual Journal of the Iranian Psychological, 13 (2), 1-2019 [in Persain]. https://bjcp.ir/article-1-714-fa.html
Borji, S. (2015). Investigating the effect of urban ecology on reducing stress, anxiety and depression (Case study: Tehran Nature Bridge). National Conference, Culture, Body and Environment in Islamic Architecture and City [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/478457/
Bornioli, A., Parkhurst, G., Morgan, P. (2018). Psychological Wellbeing Benefits of Simulated Exposure to Five Urban Settings: an Experimental Study from the Pedestrian's Perspective. Journal of Transport & Health, 9, 105-116. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214140517306977
Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., Tiesdell, S. (2014). Public Places: Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Translated by Fariba Gharai, Mahshid Shokoohi, Zahra Ahari and Esmaeil Salehi, Tehran: University of Art Press [in Persain].
Dadkhah, Y., Dadkhah, M. (2017). The effect of green facade and stone facade on individuals using the electroencephalogram (EEG) method. International Congress of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Tehran [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/661182/
Darban Rezaei, E., Rezazadeh, R., Ostadi, M., Akbari, H. (2019). An Operational Definition of Affects in Urban Space in the Light of a Methodological Approach. Geographical Research, 34 (1), 73-85 [in Persain]. URL: http://georesearch.ir/article-1-555-fa.html
Diana, S., Emanuel, T., Izhak, S. (2021). The role of social vs. physical environmental nuisances in affecting stress among Jewish and Muslim women in Israel. Science of the Total Environment,768. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720380050
Downey, L., Willigen, M. V. (2005), Environmental stressors: the mental health impacts of living near industrial activity. Journal of Health Soc Behav, 46(3), 289-305. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3162363/
Ebrahimi, Abolfazl. Asadi, Mobin. Sadati, Mohammad Reza. (2016). Building Façade. Conference on Modern Research in All Branches of Technical and Engineering Sciences [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/510471/
Farid Tehrani, S. (2011). Fear in the Urban Space. Tehran: Armanshahr Publications [in Persain].
Ghazanfari, P., Areze, A. (2018). Identifying factors affecting the design of urban structures with emphasis on aesthetic and qualitative dimensions. Case study: Velayat Park, Sari city. Memarishenasi, 2, 20-28 [in Persain]. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_8763.html
Ghiabi, M.M., Mansouri, M., Ghiabi, S., Salehi, M. (2019). Study of the components and elements of the building facade and its role in the urban landscape, National Conference on New Technologies in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/989188/
Gholami, Z. (2019). Compilation of a guide to designing the urban facade of Chahar Bagh in Isfahan, Master's thesis, Iran University of Science and Technology [in Persain].
Ghorbanian, M., Behzadfar, M., Shariatpour, F. (2020). Analyzing Techniques of Urban Façade Using Developing Topic-based Analysis Approach of Cityscape According to the Factors Affecting it from an Urban Design Perspective. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 12(27), 99-125 [in Persain]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/371330/fa
Habibian, H., & Jalalian, N. (2015). The impact of the visual richness of urban walls on the psyche of citizens. Case study: Mahdieh Street, Hamadan. International Conference on Man, Architecture, Civil Engineering and the City [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/409607/
Haji Ali Akbari, K., Shafiei, A. (2018). Neighborhood Development: A Framework for Inefficient Neighborhoods in Tehran. Tehran: Tehran Municipality Publications [in Persain].
Hakimi Kalkhoran, M., Shahsavarani, A. M., Golyaei, N., Mohammadi, A.R., Fartoosi, F. (2017). Theoretical Principles of Stress in Islamic Approach: A Systematic Review in Medical, Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Issues from Religious Point of View. Quran and Medicine, 3(1), 41-53 [in Persain]. https://www.quraniimed.com/article_193145.html
Hamid, N., Babamiri M. (2012). The Relationship of Green Space and Mental Health. Armaghan-e-Danesh, 17 (4): 309-316 [in Persain]. URL: http://armaghanj.yums.ac.ir/article-1-244-fa.html
Hassani Kabuterkhani, M., Pour Aminzadeh, P., Moein al-Dini, B. (2014). Studying the impact of the environment on the human psyche and the creation of psychological pressure from the environment on humans in contemporary architecture. Conference on Applied Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Management. Vol (2) [in Persain]. https://elmnet.ir/doc/20463858-61081
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657
Herman, K., Ciechanowski, L., Przegali ´nska, A.  (2021), Emotional Well Being in Urban Wilderness: Assessing States of Calmness and Alertness in Informal Green Spaces (IGSs) with Muse—Portable EEG Headband, Sustainability 13,2212. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042212
Heydari, A.A., Vakilnejad, R., Forouzan, M., Mazloumian, M.S. (2016). Vitality in industrial areas: The impact of industrial structure and its consequences on reducing mental health. Science and Technology Research [in Persain].
Huang, Q., Yang, M., Jane, H., Li, S., Bauer, N. (2020), Trees, grass, or concrete? The effects of different types of environments on stress reduction. Landscape and Urban Planning, 193. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016920461831449X
Jafarabadi, A. (2017). Psychological explanation of the psychological impact of war on military forces and their families (case study of the psychological phenomenon of war fatigue). Studies of Psychology and Educational Sciences, 3(1/3), 68-83 [in Persain]. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1212880/
Jeon, J. Y., Jo, H. I., Lee, K. (2021). Potential restorative effects of urban soundscapes: Personality traits temperament, and perceptions of VR urban environments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204621001511
Karami, F., Daghaqleh, A., Heidari Zahrapour, (2008). Factors affecting stress in Tehrani citizens. Social Problems of Iran , 1(1), 91-108. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20130826091642-9865-5.pdf
Karandinou, A., Turner, L. (2018). Architecture and Neuroscience; what can the EEG recording of brain activity reveal about a walk-through everyday space? International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 32, 54-65. https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/848zz
Karmanov, D., Hamel, R. (2008). Assessing the restorative potential of contemporary urban environment(s): Beyond the nature versus urban dichotomy. Landscape and Urban Planning, 86, 115-125. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204608000224
Khademloo, E. (2018). Investigating the dimensions of neighborhood sustainable development indicators on reducing environmental stress of residents, case study: Chizar neighborhood, Tehran. Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development of Islamic World Countries, Iran – Tabriz [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/776796/
Khalili, Z., Moradi, M.H. (2009). Emotion Classification Using Brain and Peripheral Signals. Signal and Data Processing, 6 (1), 33-52 [in Persain]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/160802/fa
Khezri, M., Firoozabadi, M., Sharafat, A.R. (2016). Adaptive Fusion of Forehead and Physiological Signals upon Emotion Recognition. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 17 (4), 45-62 [in Persain]. URL: http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-357-fa.html
Kim, M., Cheon, S., Kang, Y. (2019). Use of Electroencephalography (EEG) for the Analysis of Emotional Perception and Fear to Nightscapes. Sustainability, 11, 233-248. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/1/233
Koene, M. (2018), Urban Stress, MSc graduation thesis in Urbanism.
Lin, W., Chen, Q., Jiang, M., Tao, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, L., Xu, S., Kang, Y., Zeng, Q. (2020). Sitting or Walking? Analyzing the Neural Emotional Indicators of Urban Green Space Behavior with Mobile EEG. Journal of Urban Health, 97 (2),191-203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31898198/
Lopresti, A. (2020). The Effects of Psychological and Environmental Stress on Micronutrient Concentrations in the Body: A Review of the Evidence. National Library of Medicine, 11(1),103-112. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831322002393
Lotfalinejad, H. (2018). Using chaotic features in emotion recognition from electroencephalogram signals. Master's thesis in medical engineering (bioelectrical orientation) [in Persain].
Mahmoodi, S., Pourtaheri, M. Rokneddin Eftekhari, A. (2014). Spatial Analysis of Women’s Stress in Rural Areas (Case Study: Maneh District, Township of Maneh & Samalghan in Northern Khorasan Province). Journal of Rural Research, 5(1), 109-136 [in Persain]. https://journals.ut.ac.ir/article_51450.html
Mahshid, A. Javan Foruzandeh, A. (2013). Investigating the effect of stressful factors in urban streets on users' behavior, case study: Modares Street, Kermansha. National Conference on Humanistic Architecture and Urban Planning [in Persain]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/895160/fa
Malekshahi, GH.R., lotfi, S., Taghizadeh, N. (2019). Study the effects of industrial uses and workshops at the city entrance (Case study: Gorgan city). Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 9(30), 39-58 [in Persain]. https://gaij.usb.ac.ir/article_4449.html
Moeinian, N. (2019). Sociological study of noise pollution and noise control with the expansion of urban green space. Social Sciences Research, 13(1), 1-24 [in Persain]. https://journals.iau.ir/article_545275.html
Mohammadi Deh Cheshme, M. (2014). The Measuring of Connectivity in Urban Texture of Karaj Facing with Hazards. Journal of Spatial Planning & Geomatics, 18 (3), 53-78 [in Persain]. https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-9198-fa.html
Mohammadi, H., Saeidi, A. (2008). Effective Bioclimatic Indexes on Human Comfort Assessment (Case study: Ghom City), Journal of Environmental Studies, 34(47), 73-86 [in Persain]. https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_27298.html
Mousavi, M. (2016). Investigating the impact of poverty on health and mental hygiene. First National Conference on Modern Research in Psychology, Counseling and Educational Sciences [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/622797/
 Nadrian, H., Taghdisi, M.H., Aghemiri, M., Khazaee-Pool, M., Shojaeizadeh, D. (2018). Impacts of Urban Traffic Jams on Physical Health of Residents from the Inhabitants ‘Perspective in Sanandaj City (A Qualitative Study). Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 5 (4), 345-358 [in Persain]. URL: http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-839-fa.html
Nevid, J.S., Rathus, S.A. (2019). Psychology and the challenges of life. Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Arasbaran Publications [in Persain].
Ostad Taghizadeh, Abbas. (2014). Peaceful City, Stress-Relief City. Tehran: Teesa Publications [in Persain].
Pakzad, J. (2011). Design guidelines of urban spaces in Iran. Tehran: Shahidi Publications [in Persain].
Pakzad, J., Souri, E. (2012). Guide to Lighting Urban Places. Tehran: Arman Shahr Publications [in Persain].
Park, G., Evans, G. (2016). Environmental stressors, urban design andplanning: implications for human behaviour and health. Journal of Urban Design, 21(4),453-470. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13574809.2016.1194189
Rabbani Khorasghani, A., Kianpour, M. (2009). The Sociology of Emotions. Journal of Applied Sociology, 20(2), 35-64 [in Persain]. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18178.html
Rasouli, S., Rahim Dokht Khoram, S. (2010). Making Desirability in Pedestrian Way's Urban Scape. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 2(3), 103-112 [in Persain]. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_32603.html
Razmjoui, J., Nezadami Tehrani, Gh. Babaei, A., Ahmad. Taheri, P., Razmjoui, N., Hamidi, S., (2017). Evaluating the quality of pedestrian traffic safety index with the approach of vulnerable groups. National Conference on Sustainable Development and Urban Management with the Approach of Citizen Peace [in Persain]. https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jhf/article/view/42533
Riahi, M. E., Rahbari, L. (2014). Stress Process Paradigm in Sociology of Mental health: A Sociological Study of Stress. Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 8(1), 49-87 [in Persain]. http://www.jss-isa.ir/article_21219.html
Sadigh Akbari, S., Noori, R. (2014). The Status of Light and Color in Environmental Psychology in Designing Child-Focused Treatment Spaces (Case Study: Mofid Pediatrics Hospital). Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 7(1), 45-53 [in Persain]. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39219.html
Saeida Ardakani, S., Konjkav Monfared, A.R., Hakkaki, S.M., Dolatabadi Rezaee, H. (2013). Identifying the Factors Affecting the Development of Individual Innovation. Journal of Technology Development Management,1(2), 135-155 [in Persain]. 10.22104/jtdm.2013.36
Safaikarpour, M., Sarmedhe, A.A., Sarlak, S. (2013). The effect of urban green space on reducing citizens' stress. A case study of Valiasr and Karun neighborhoods in Tehran. National Conference on Humanistic Architecture and Urban Planning [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/248903/
SafariNia, M. (2014). An Introduction to Urban Psychology. Tehran: Teesa Publications [in Persain].
Safdarian, N., Naji, M. (2020). Detection and Classification of Emotions Using Physiological Signals and Pattern Recognition Methods. Journal of Health & Biomedical Informatics (JHBMI), 7 (2), 214-231 [in Persain]. URL: http://jhbmi.ir/article-1-392-fa.html
. Salehi, I. (2008). The role of environmental comfort in urban spaces in preventing behavioral abnormalities. Journal of Environmental Studies. 33(44), 83-94 [in Persain]. https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_19023.html
Shahedi, B., Etezadi, Z. (2021). Investigating the effects of urban edges on the spirit of citizens. National Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture, Art and Urban Design [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/1427035/
Sharbati, A., Bedragh Nejad, A., Sarli, R. (2018). Analysis of urban furniture performance in urban spaces, case study: urban areas. Journal of Urban Ecology Researches, 9(18), 105-116 [in Persain]. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4458.html
Shauly, E.N., (2022), Stress-Related Layout Design Rules and Modeling. US: Jenny Stanford Publishing. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003311720-6/stress-related-layout-design-rules-modeling-eitan-shauly
Song, C., Ikei, H., Miyazaki, Y. (2016). Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(8),781. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4997467/
Sotoudeh, M. (2008). The effects of traffic on health and mental health. Traffic Management Studies.  3(1), 13-24 [in Persain]. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/209739
Tabatabaian, M., Tamannaee, M. (2014). Investigation the Effect of Built Environments on Psychological Health. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 6(11), 101-109 [in Persain]. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33468.html
Tahani, A., Arefi, R., Asgharyan, A. (2017). Study of urban facade and their impact on citizens. First National Conference on Applied Research in Science and Engineering. 1-10 [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/692084/
Taheri, S., Taheri, J. (2019). Evaluation of environmental factors affecting mental health in residential complexes. Hoviatshahr, 13 (40), 57–74 [in Persain]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/154583/fa
Taheri, S., Taheri, J. (2019). Evaluation of environmental factors affecting mental health in residential complexes. Hoviatshahr, 13 (40), 57–74 [in Persain]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/154583/fa
Tahmasbi, N. (2015). Environmental stress and healthy city (with a sustainable urban design approach). International Conference on New Research Findings in Engineering Sciences and Technology [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/519837/
Thwaites, k., Helleur, E., Simkins, I.M. (2005). Restorative urban open space: Exploring the spatial configuration of human emotional fulfilment in urban open space, Landscape Research, 30(4), 525-547. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01426390500273346
Tilley, S., Neale, C., Patuano, A., Cinderby, S. (2017). Older People’s Experiences of Mobility and Mood in an Urban Environment: A Mixed Methods Approach Using Electroencephalography (EEG) and Interviews, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(2), 151-171. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165409/
Valikhani, A. Sarafraz, M.R. (2017). Research Method in Psychology. Tehran: Binesheno Publications [in Persain].
Weber, A.M., Trojan, J. (2018). The Restorative Value of the Urban Environment: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature. Environmental Health Insights, 12, 1-13. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1178630218812805
Xue, J., Ye, Z., Deng, Y., Wang, H., Yang, L., Yu, Z. (2009). Layout-dependent STI stress analysis and stress-aware RF/analog circuit design optimization. 2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Layout-dependent-STI-stress-analysis-and-RF-analog-Xue-Ye/7902270619eda2d22885702eb9787ddadc46c7fe
Zabihi, R. (2017). Light pollution and its adverse effects on human health. National Conference on Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Sustainable Architecture [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/755014/
Zali, N., Dadfar, S. (2014). Investigating the role of urban space on the formation of social relations and interactions between citizens. International Congress of Structure, Architecture and Urban Development. Vol. (2) [in Persain]. https://civilica.com/doc/352745/
Zandalinas, S., Fritschi, F., Mittler, R. (2021), Global Warming, Climate Change, and Environmental Pollution: Recipe for a Multifactorial Stress Combination Disaster. National Library of Medicine, 26(6), 588-599. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33745784/
Zarghami, E., Ghanbaran, A., Karimi Moshaver, M., Saadati Vaghar, P. (2020). Investigating the Visual-Psychological Pollution of Tall Buildings through Fish Eye Images and Citizen's Opinion; Case Study: Pastor and Jahannama Tower in Hamadan. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(32), 143-159 [in Persain]. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_120077.html
Zhang, Z., Zhuo, K., Wei, W., Li, F., Yin, J., Xu, L. (2021). Emotional Responses to the Visual Patterns of Urban Streets: Evidence from Physiological and Subjective Indicators, Int Int J Environ Res Public Health, (18), 9677. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34574601/
Khanifar, H. (2008). Job stress and professional environments (factors, theories, effects). Strategy, 2, 1-38 [in Persain]. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/227201/#